Jane Eyre and a Tale of Two Cities: Love Theme

â€Å"I'm shouldn't cherish you, shouldn't give it a second thought, shouldn't carry on with my life wanting to be there. Shouldn't ponder where you are or what you do†¦ I'm sorry I can't support myself, I'm infatuated with you. † (Quote from Lord Byron) What is love? Researchers would just consider it a sublime concoction war inside the mind making us feel the manner in which we do about someone else. Popular artists Lord Byron and Shelley would contend that it is magnificence that causes us to feel love however isn’t it in truth love that makes us fully aware of what’s genuinely wonderful about an individual. Many would concur that affection is visually impaired yet on the off chance that this is along these lines, how might it can permit us to see and feel things immaculate by some other feeling. The best way to depict it that really serves it any equity whatsoever is to state love is enchantment. It has the ability to make any given individual do remarkable things, the capacity to change or wreck anyone totally across the board feeling, one thing is without a doubt, it gives individuals a more prominent reason for presence, motivation to live amazing, something past themselves to dedicate their life to. You can peruse additionally Analysis of Literary Devices of Jane Eyre These developments of affection are over and over advanced in two of the most notable books of the Victorian time frame, Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. ‘She strolls in magnificence, similar to the night, Of cloudless climes and brilliant skies; And such's best of dim and splendid, Meet in her perspective and her eyes: Thus mellow'd to that delicate light Which paradise to vainglorious day denies. One shade the more, one beam the less, Had half impair'd the anonymous effortlessness Which waves in each raven tress, Or delicately helps o'er her face; Where considerations gently sweet express How unadulterated, how dear their abode. What's more, on that cheek, and o'er that temple, So delicate, so quiet, yet smooth, The grins that success, the colors that shine, But recount days in goodness spent, A psyche content with all underneath, A heart whose adoration is honest! ’ (Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty) Lord Byron, a well known writer from the 17-1800’s, much of the time advanced love as being connected to appearance and magnificence, in light of his sonnets where at whatever point he would discuss love he would either be depicting an excellent ladies or the delightful highlights of a ladies of his longing. There’s almost certainly that these sonnets were famous and speaking to general society, nonetheless, regardless of whether they are valid or not is an alternate story completely all alone. The two books, Jane Eyre and A Tale of Two Cities compare and repudiate this thought of adoration. For instance in Dickens’ work Lucie Manette is made to be an object of honesty and magnificence, she’s extremely pretty yet she’s prudent, she’s liberal and kind, ready to give her chance to help anybody needing her assistance, including her dad whom she nurture out of craziness after he is liberated from the Bastille. The way that Dickens made the ‘leading lady’ of his novel along these lines, shows that he accepts what’s on the ‘inside’ is similarly as significant if not more, than the presence of an individual. These equivalent thoughts are depicted in Bronte’s work, however in her form the jobs are turned around, as she makes Rochester exceptionally attractive additionally giving him an especially solid attraction to his character. Individuals, all the more explicitly ladies, are attracted to him, and to Jane his most conspicuously appealing element is his eyes, which have been supposed to be, by many, ‘the window to the soul’, so I don't get this' meaning? Does the way that he has seething eyes imply that he has a delightful soul, or accomplishes it work the reverse way around, perhaps it goes connected at the hip however the creator offering this unmistakable expression about eyes alone, shows this is of specific criticalness. Jane, be that as it may, is portrayed as rather plain, so if Bronte didn’t accept equivalent to Dickens for what reason would Rochester be so attracted to her, begin to look all starry eyed at her so effectively and deny a cursorily lovely lady so as to have Jane. The two books consent to the way that magnificence is in some cases a part of affection however its most unquestionably not all that matters, character is the principle object of significance with regards to genuine romance. Anyway the thoughts of affection that Lord Byron offered to the general population were normal in the time they were made. The wellsprings blend with the waterway, And the streams with the sea, The breezes of Heaven blend for ever, With a sweet feeling; Nothing on the planet is single, All things by a law divine, In one soul meet and blend - Why not I with thine? See the mountains kiss high Heaven, And the waves catch each other; No sister-bloom would be excused, If it hated its sibling; And the daylight fastens the earth, And the moonbeams kiss the ocean †What are altogether these kissings worth, If thou kiss not me? (Percy Bysshe Shelley, Love’s Philosophy) Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) the subsequent writer referenced before, advanced similar thoughts of adoration in his works, the main distinction among him and Lord Byron is that he utilized embodiment much more, looking at and depicting the magnificence of ladies and love, to the excellence of nature and parts of the world. Anyway in this sonnet appeared above he discusses his yearning for adoration, a subject additionally included in Jane Eyre which shows that when love is discovered it has the ability to change an individual, their life and the world through their eyes in general. The transformative intensity of adoration is set up over the span of the two books through characters including Jane Eyre’s love intrigue, the dim attractive Edward Rochester whose life changes in a sensational manner in the wake of meeting Jane. He goes from being a harsh playboy in Europe , to being unassuming yet still tough man, in any event, turning down a wonderful socialite of high class, to be deserving of Jane’s love, indicating additionally that magnificence isn't all that matters and it is what’s inside an individual that truly matters. Jane in a similar way likewise experiences change, in the wake of yearning for affection and family her entire life, she at long last discovers it with Rochester and considerably after she leaves, she doesn’t experience a remarkable same inclination until she comes back to be with him. No lady was ever closer to her mate than I am: perpetually totally bone of his bone, and tissue of his substance. I know no exhaustion of my Edward’s society: he knows none of mine, anything else than we each do of the throb of the heart that thumps in our different chests; subsequently, we are ever together. ’(Jane Eyre, Chapter 38) Another genuine case of how love can change an individual would be Sydney Carton from A Tale of Two Cities. His affection for Lucie diverts him from an alcoholic cap assumes no praise in his work as an attorney to a man totally committed to making the one he cherishes upbeat. ‘It is a far, far superior thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, much better rest that I go to than I have ever known. ’ (Sydney Carton, A Tale of Two Cities, Page 225) Not just is his adoration one of solidarity, it is additionally unadulterated and benevolent in light of the fact that despite the fact that she weds another man, he forfeits his life to spare that man with the end goal for her to have the option to carry on with her existence with whom she really cherishes. I would grasp any forfeit for you and for those dear to you. ’ (A Tale of Two Cities, Chapter 19). This is a definitive demonstration of adoration and peak of the story, indicating that affection, regardless of whether uneven can do astounding things, that it is a thing worth kicking the bucket for if important, that somebody who‘s love is valid and magnanimous towards someone else will cheerily dismiss their own bliss and prosperity just to guarantee the satisfaction of the person who holds their heart. One other character from A Tale of Two Cities who likewise experiences a very unprecedented change is Dr. Alexandre Manett, a practiced doctor who gets wrongly blamed for a wrongdoing he didn’t submit and detained in the Bastille for a long time. In his injury he loses his brain and invests his entire energy in prison sitting in a dull corner making shoes. At the point when he is at last liberated his caring little girl Lucie Manett invests every last bit of her energy nursing him out of his craziness and in the long run he drops out of franticness and comes back to typical once more. This shows love is equipped for venturing so profound into one’s heart and brain that it can reestablish a man in a perspective so contorted into an individual he used to be so long previously. It has the ability to calm and perhaps even mend mental injury which is actually very mind blowing. Unfortunetly Dr. Manett is a shocking figure in the book and backslides to his unique perspective however this likewise shows only one out of every odd story has a cheerful consummation and that some must languish over others to triumph. There is, in any case, an association among Lucie and her dad that can never be broken, after affectionately thinking about him and bringing him out of franticness there is a trust exceptional to this time and spot that exists between the two that will in all likelihood remain until the end of time. â€Å"He found the Doctor perusing in his rocker at a window. The vitality which had without a moment's delay upheld him under his old sufferings and disturbed their sharpness had been step by step reestablished to him. He was currently a vivacious man without a doubt, with incredible solidness of direction, quality of goals, and force of activity. † (A Tale of Two Cities, Tyler, Chapter 10) It was the best of times, it was the most noticeably terrible of times, it was the time of shrewdness, it was the time of silliness, it was the age of conviction, it was the age of distrust, it was the period of Light, it was the period of Darkness, it was the spring of expectation, it was the winter of depression, we had everything before us, we didn't have anything before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other wayâ€in short, the period was so far like the current time frame, that a portion of its noisiest specialists demanded its be

Emotional Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10250 words

Enthusiastic Intelligence - Essay Example Writer Daniel Goleman (1995) likewise carried EI into the cutting edge with his books entitled, Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ and Working with Emotional Intelligence (Goleman 1995). The two assets suggest that EI represents accomplishment at home, school, and work, empowering people to turn out to be increasingly helpful and powerful colleagues and to fabricate their specialized aptitudes and IQ for occupations at all levels (Vitello-Cicciu 2003). Goleman additionally speculated that EI can be learned and improves with age (Goleman 1995). Conversely, Salovey and Mayer (1990) battle that EI creates with age and that passionate information can be upgraded and enthusiastic abilities can be educated (Vitello-Cicciu 2003). What's not known to date through research is whether EI scores, as dictated by a capacity estimation known as the Mayer, Salovey, and Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), can be brought up in people (Vitello-Cicciu 2003). (See Appendix: Assessment of EI in a Leader) Specialists characterize passionate work as the way toward controlling the two sentiments and articulations to accomplish hierarchical objectives or desires, or, as the exertion, arranging, and control expected to communicate authoritatively wanted feelings during relational exchanges (Vitello-Cicciu 2003). ... ational objectives or desires, or, as the exertion, arranging, and control expected to communicate hierarchically wanted feelings during relational exchanges (Vitello-Cicciu 2003). Authoritatively wanted feelings, likewise alluded to as show rules are viewed as the guidelines of conduct that demonstrate not just which feelings are proper in relationship with others, yet in addition how these feelings ought to be openly shown or communicated. The structure of this paper is as per the following: Part one of paper starts with the presentation of the subject in a scholarly arrangement. At that point, clarifies the motivation behind doing this exploration and what it will in general accomplish is expressed. Subsequent to characterizing the target a concise diagram of the essential research questions are given. A significant part of writing survey follows which features different investigates which were completed by the scholars and investigators previously. Research configuration features the methodology and the system of how the data was obtained from the sources. The fundamental Research results part has the principle body of this examination in which the discoveries have been talked about and concluded.In end, the exploration shows that Marquise Facilities Corporation will profit with fusing passionate insight into its Management Training. To a limited extent 2 of the paper, a concise history of the organization and the di fficulties they are confronted with and how they will profit by such preparing. At long last, a proposition of the execution procedure will be introduced. The fundamental objective is to stretch the significance of this preparation in the association while being touchy not to over-burden the bustling administrators with a program that will before long free force. The key is to actualize a procedure that is dependable and increases the value of the

Making Sense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Seeming well and good - Essay Example to choose whether whatever going on is valid or bogus, and whether it is positive or negative. Seeming well and good is an approach to satisfy the interest of an individual, and can be comprehended in levels of encounters which incorporate; the five detects, expressions of love and the recollections whereby without these the encounters would be downright information. In this manner, to understand the information situational examination is significant for example what might be generally reasonable in a specific circumstance which would thusly lead towards great dynamic. Besides, to use sound judgment, credibility is the key, which is additionally described by understanding, getting, judgment and choice to choose if we are dependable or not. The most fascinating piece of appearing well and good with regards to this part was the recommendation that we as people are all reality searchers, we need to understand the world since we continue pondering, and we are continually endeavoring to e xpel the disarray around us, likewise in light of the fact that we are interested. These are each one of those real factors which we can't overlook, and even basically bodes well as that is the reason we need to understand the world. Section 4: Making Sense, Epistemology This part centers around the epistemology of appearing well and good for example the way of thinking behind creation sense, which can be separated into four levels. These levels or stages incorporate understanding, getting, judgment and choice. ... The outer components of recognitions incorporate faculties while the inside elements incorporate effect (feelings and so forth). Further comes comprehension and we can recognize understanding from comprehension by thinking about that while encounters are solitary, understanding includes ideas which are various and complex. To get implications, one ought to be inherently inquisitive which stimulates the Eurika Movement for example the bits of knowledge. Likewise, interests for comprehension may b regular or developed while interests rely upon the interior elements, subsequently at the end of the day understanding includes astuteness. Then again, judgment includes confirmation which infers that it implies proof. Experience and vulnerability principals are required to make judgment. In addition, being critical methods being sensible. The most fascinating and wise piece of this part include the interest head which is an unquestionable requirement to comprehend, for example the Eureka Mom ent is instigated by the pressure of enquiry for example being interested. In this way, being interested is normally a pre-essential of building up a comprehension or in other world for understanding ideas mentally. Part 5: Practical Wisdom This section focuses on fundamentally understanding the idea of ethical quality and goodness, what we see as the ethical specialists and so forth. Likewise, this section expects on valuing the structures made by people which makes us bona fide individuals. In conclusion, to assist us with understanding the degrees of amazing quality is additionally another reason for the part. Right off the bat, we have to comprehend that ethical quality is a trademark discovered distinctly in people, and not found in other common species, for example the Flora, Fauna or other enormous powers. Profound quality is identified with discernment and it is grounded in our religion, reasoning and indulgence. Next comes the idea of good

Scholarship Essay Samples - Things to Like About Using Them

Scholarship Essay Samples - Things to Like About Using ThemScholarship essay samples are usually prepared for high school students who wish to go to college. These are often used in the selection process, where students will be provided with an outline of the topic, writing tips, and sample essays to write. You'll also find them helpful when taking a test, when preparing for an exam, or when doing research.You can find such materials in either digital or printed formats. Digital versions are generally much easier to use since they include multiple templates for different kinds of questions, and can be created in seconds.One benefit to using these is that you can learn to be more creative, since they allow you to create your own topic, and tweak it to fit what your student wants to say. It's also good if you want to change something later on down the road, by simply making a note to yourself that it wasn't going well. You can also edit the sample essays as you go.You'll find that comp uter software programs also offer many more editing options than their print counterparts. For example, you'll find additional fonts and colors, and even a few other bells and whistles. If you use these programs, the print version will likely be more expensive than the digital version.You should also consider the size of the full range of features offered in these programs. Digital versions typically have fewer features, so if you only need to use it for some parts of your essay, then this may be a better option. You may also find that if you're using a print version, then the printing quality is much better.You can also find these in many internet sources. You'll find examples and instructions online, and you'll also find tips and techniques for creating the best papers you can. If you don't have much time, then it may be easier to go with the printed version of these, since it can easily be printed off and put in a folder.In short, there are many things to like about using scholar ship essay samples. Once you've chosen the option that suits you best, you'll quickly begin to see that this is the most popular way to go.

Macbeth and Hamlet Tragedies Essay - 576 Words

At a time for war, Both Hamlet and Macbeth are considered tragedies and both main characters are considered tragic heroes. There are many differences and similarities. For one, both have somewhat of a psychotic, mental breakdown at some point of the story. Hamlet is just acting crazy to deceive Claudius, while Macbeth has truly gone mad in his lust for power and selfish motives. Both are to become Royalty, with the only exception that Hamlet does it through dishonorable means. â€Å"For in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires; Let not light see my black and deep desires. The eye wink at the hand, yet let that be Which the eye fears, when it is done, to see† Macbeth (1.4 57-60). Hamlet is an automatic heir to the throne if his uncle dies. A†¦show more content†¦As Horatio puts it, â€Å"Now cracks a noble heart. Good night, sweet prince, And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest.† Hamlet (5.2 97-98). On the other hand, even though he dies in battle on the ba ttle field, Macbeth isn’t able to die honorably, because of all the lives he has taken, purely for his own potential need. So says Macduff as he enters with Macbeth’s head. â€Å"Hail, King! for so thou art. Behold where stands Th’ usurper’s cursà ¨d head. The time is free. I see thee compassed with thy kingdom’s pearl,† Macbeth (5.8 65-67) When it comes to decision making, Hamlet takes a long time to finally decide to seek the revenge he promised his deceased fathers ghost. He tends to over think matters and oftentimes complicate them more than necessary. â€Å"Of thinking too precisely on th’ event (A thought which, quartered, hath but one part wisdom And ever three parts coward), I do not know Why yet I live to say â€Å"This thing’s to do,† Sith I have cause, and will, and strength, and means To do’t† Hamlet (4.4 43-49) In contrast, Macbeth acts very quickly and rashly. He doesn’t think about what he does, before he does it, and is manipulated easily. Finally, when it came down to killing someone, in both of the plays, there were moral dilemmas preventing both of the killers from performing the evil task they so closely guarded. During Hamlets time period, revenge was condemned amongst society; which preventedShow MoreRelatedHamlet and Macbeth Compared as Aristotelian Traged ies Essay1732 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle’s Poetics is often considered the blueprint to a successful tragedy; his outline has been used for hundreds of years. Aristotle defines a tragedy as â€Å"an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude†¦ in the form of an action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions† (House 82). Aristotle believed that the most important part of a strong tragedy was the plot, and from that, the other elements such as character,Read MoreEssay on Hamlet and Macbeth Analyzed as Aristotelian Tragedies1839 Words   |  8 Pageswritten tragedy; his methods have been used for centuries. Aristotle defines a tragedy as â€Å"an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude†¦ in the form of an action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions† (House, 82). The philosopher believes the plot to be the most vital aspect of a tragedy, thus all other parts such as character, diction, and thought stem from the plot. Aristotle affirms, â€Å"the principle of tragedy – theRead MoreMental Insanity In Macbeth And Hamlet By William Shakespeare952 Words   |  4 Pagesinsanity to contrast characters in his tragedies. Shakespeare often uses stress as a trigger to spiral his characters into this state of mind. Shakespeare’s tragedies Macbeth and Hamlet both contain characters that experience a great deal of stress and fall into mental unrest. This mental unrest or insanity is a device used by Shakespeare for contrasting imagery of characterization. The contrast of mental illness with mental wellness within these tragedies is shown in multiple ways. ShakespeareRead MoreHamlet and Macbeth by William Shakespeare810 Words   |  3 Pagesthose being tragedies. Although many of his plays contain striking similarities, none share more than Hamlet, Mac beth, and Richard III. The length of each play can alter the feeling of being apart of the play for the reader. By far Hamlet has the greatest length of the three, followed by Richard III and then by Macbeth. Despite all three plays being enjoyable to read, the mere length difference of Hamlet or Macbeth or Richard III makes for a more enjoyable and relatable read. Hamlet as a wholeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet And Macbeth1015 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s Hamlet and Macbeth, the ghost imitates the feelings of the protagonists for the audience as well. Shakespeare’s tragedies include supernatural in order to catch interest of a reader which consists heroes with desires of the supernatural ending up in a tragedy. Through their use of ghost and the supernatural, we can see the similarities and differences of the plays that will help effectively for a wider understanding of the plays and its themes. Shakespeare starts Macbeth with a supernaturalRead More Comparing the Supernatu ral in William Shakespeares Hamlet and Macbeth 921 Words   |  4 PagesComparing the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Hamlet and Macbeth  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   In the time of William Shakespeare there was a strong belief in the existence of the supernatural. Therefore, the supernatural is a recurring theme in many of Shakespeares plays. In two such plays, Hamlet and Macbeth, the supernatural is an integral part of the structure of the plot. It provides a catalyst for action, an insight into character, and an augmentation of the impact of many key scenes. TheRead MoreThe Plays of William Shakespeare681 Words   |  3 Pageshave three children (Burt). Shakespeare writes many tragedies, romances, and comedies. Three main plays are Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth. Between 1593 and 1596, Shakespeare writes Romeo and Juliet .The first edition of the play, the Quarto of 1597, known as Q1, is a reproduced edition by John Danter and Edward Allde (Boyce, Romeo and Juliet). The play is made into a movie at least seventeen times. Romeo and Juliet is mainly a tragedy of young love, but there are also many other love connectionsRead MoreKing Lear : A Shakespearean Shakespearian Tragedy1540 Words   |  7 PagesKing Lear is what is known as a Shakespearian tragedy. 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College Tuition Should Be Free - 1165 Words

College Tuition Should be Free By: Alonzo Myers 29 February 2016 Gardner-Webb University Dr. Lisa Cantrell English 101 Thesis: College tuition should be free because the number of students in debt after they complete college is extremely high. Outline I. Introduction II. Statistics III. Opposition IV. Conclusion Introduction All over America there are students who go off to visit amazing schools that they think are for them, then they start narrowing down their choices and come to a final decision of the college that suits them. The students apply get accepted and bam the bill comes and either they are rich enough to just pay for school straight out, they got a full ride through sports or academics, they collect a lot of scholarship money, or in most cases they take out a bunch of loans. That is where the problem lies. Yes students are thinking of their education and wanting to better themselves but they are also putting their selves under a lot of pressure. After a student graduates they either get a job in their field or search for a job endlessly with loan repayments sneaking up on them. We all know at least one person who seems to be struggling even though they graduated from college and have a job. It’s because they have to provide for their family which is comprised of providing : food, a home to live in, paying the water bill, paying the light bill, paying taxes off their paychecks, then trying to pay the loan company back before they come andShow MoreRelatedShould College Tuition Be Free?1105 Words   |  5 Pagesget into higher education? College itself is very expensive and puts a financial burden on families.In Europe as well as many other places around the world college is free which allows all sorts of kids to attend. In addition to this, many people do not have the motivation and or desire to reach a upper class of education in college. If we are able to incorporate free tuition in colleges, this would enable families and students to attend. College tuition should be free because families cannot affordRead MoreCollege Tuition Should Be Free Essay1197 Words   |  5 PagesCollege Tuition Should Be Free For All Students College tuition should be free because even with a good degree it is hard for students to overcome the crippling debt of college tuition. High tuition prices are also an obstacle that keeps out those without access to affordable education, even though they may be great candidates who may do well in college and head their field in the future. The current system displays several flaws. The government should put the money slotted for financial aid intoRead MoreShould College Tuition Be Free?1115 Words   |  5 Pagestoday’s society is that college tuition should be free or if not free, more affordable for all students. 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From 1985 to 2007 the amount of student debt increased by 7.9 percent. In 1994 the average student borrowed eleven thousand dollars for school. By 2014, however, that figure had increased to thirty-five thousand dollarsRead MoreShould Community College Tuition Be Free?875 Words   |  4 PagesMy immediate response is yes, of course I want community college tuition to be free but then I realized I am already in my second year this will not apply to me. As I further ponder over it I can not help but to think on what terms would this be under. Will you have to have a certain GPA? Will it only be available to us citizens? Will there be a age stipulation? There is a number of factors that can be put on this â⠂¬Å"Free Tuition†. It sounds like an amazing offer be is it really? After hearing theRead MoreCommunity College Education Should Not Be Tuition Free998 Words   |  4 PagesCommunity College Education Should Not Be Tuition Free Every year, millions of students graduate from high school and consider studying in community college. The main reason for them to choose community colleges over four-year universities is the affordable tuition, or they have undecided majors for their careers. Unfortunately, an academic article published in 2014 â€Å"How to Help College Students Graduate,† Kirp demonstrated, â€Å"American students are enrolling college in record numbers, but they areRead MoreShould The Federal Government Should Allow Free College Tuition And The Effects And Consequences Of Doing900 Words   |  4 PagesIn order to have a decent job it is believed that one must attend college and submerge with a degree. It is exactly why most people in the states pursue higher education, a key component to possess financial security. The task at hand has become a challenging achievement, now more than ever, as a result of skyrocketing tuition cost. It causes students to take out massive loans which, at t imes, cannot be returned and therefore creating billions in debt for the United States. The idea that studentRead MoreShould Taxpayers Fund College Tuition? No?909 Words   |  4 PagesAnna Lis Professor Holly Boux Political Science 103 December 1st, 2015 Should Taxpayers Fund College Tuition? No Dear Representative John Kline, Executive Summary: In the United States, college should remain an accessible opportunity for Americans. Any one who is willing to put in the hard work and effort to make their future better, should be secured an education. A college education is important to one s future and can make a huge difference in how successful someone can become.

A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies Essay Example For Students

A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies Essay Bartolome de Las Casa A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies Preparers notes: 1) Though the original title does not appear in this version, this is (apart from the preface) a translation of: Brevisima relacion de la destruccion de las Indias, by Bartolome de las Casas, originally published in Seville in 1552. 2) The original archaic spelling and punctuation has been retained] POPERY Truly Displayd in its Bloody Colours: Or, a faithful NARRATIVE OF THE Horrid and Unexampled Massacres, Butcheries, and all manner of Cruelties, that Hell and Malice could invent, committed by the Popish Spanish Party on the inhabitants of West-India TOGETHER With the Devastations of several Kingdoms in America by Fire and Sword, for the space of Forty and Two Years, from the time of its first Discovery by them. Composed first in Spanish by Bartholomew de las Casas, a Bishop there, and Eye-Witness of most of these Barbarous Cruelties; afterward Translated by him into Latin, then by other hands, into High-Dutch, Low-Dutch,French, and now Taught to Speak Modern English . - London, Printed for R. Hewson at the Crown in Cornhil, near the Stocks-Market. 1689. POPERY Truly Displayd in itsBloody Colours: Or, a faithful NARRATIVE OF THEHorrid and Unexampled Massacres, Butcheries, and all manner of Cruelties, that Hell and Malice could invent, committed by the Popish Spanish Party on the inhabitants of West-India TOGETHERWith the Devastations of several Kingdoms in America by Fire and Sword, for the space of Forty and Two Years, from the time of its firstDiscovery by them. THE ARGUMENT OF THIS NARRATIVE By way of PREFACE TO THE READER. The Reverend Author of this Compendious Summary was Bartholomaeus de las Casas alias Casaus, a Pious and Religeous person, (as appears by his zealous Transports in this Narrative for promotion of the Christian Faith) elevated from a Frier of the Dominican Order to sit in the Episcopal Chair, who was frequently importuned by Good and Learned Men, particularly Historians, to Publish this Summary, who so prevailed with him, that he Collected out of that copious History which might and ought to be written on this subject, the contents of this concise Treatise with intention to display unto the World the Enormities, c. he Spaniards committed in America during their residence there, to their eternal ignominy; and for the author finding that no Admonitions or Reprehensions, how mild soever could operate upon or sink into the rocky-hearted Tyrants in those Occidental parts; he therefore took up a firm resolution, being then about 50 years of age (as he himself declares) to run the Hazards an d Dangers by Sea, and the Risque of a long voyage into Spain there to acquaint and Certifie the most Illustrious Prince Phillip the Son and Heir of his Imperial Majesty Charles the Fifth of Blessed Memory, with the Horrid crimes, c. erpetrated in those countries, part whereof he had seen, and part heard from such as boasted of their Wickedness. Whereupon his Caeserean Majesty moved with a tender and Christian compassion towards these Inhabitants of the Countries of America, languishing for want of redress, he called a Council at Valedolid, Anno Dom. 1542. onsisting of Learned and Able Men, in order to the reformation of the West-Indian government, and took such a course, that from that time their Tyranny and cruelty against those Barbarians was somewhat repressed, and those Nations in some measure delivered from that intolerable and more then Aegyptian Bondage, or at least the Spaniards ill usage and treatment of the Americans was alleviated and abated. This Book mostly Historical, part Typographical, was Published first by the Author in Spanish at Sevil, after that Translated into Latin by himself; and in process of time into High Dutch, Low Dutch, French and now English; which is the Sixth Language it has been taught to speak, that anyone of what Nation soever might in this Narrative contemplate and see as in a mirror the dismal and pernitious ruits, that lacquey and attend unlimited and close fisted Avarice, and thereby Learn to abhor and detest it, Cane pejus angue: it being the predominant and chiefest motive to the commission of such inexpressible Outrages, as here in part are faintly, not fully represented. Which sin the Pagan Indians themselves did exprobate in the Spaniards with all Detestation, Ignominy and Disgrace: for when they had taken some of them Prisoners (which was rarely) they bound them hand and foot, laid them on the ground, and then pouring melted Gold down their Throats, cried out and called to them aloud in derision, yield, throw up thy Gold O Christian! Vomit and spew out the Mettal which hath so inqinated and invenomd both Body and Soul, that hath staind and infected they mind with desires and contrivances, and thy hands with Commission of such matchless Enormities. I will then shut up all this, being but an Extract of what is in the Prefatory part of the Original. I earnestly beg and desire all Men to be perswaded, that this summary was not published upon any private Design, sinister ends or affection in favor or prejudice of any particular Nation; but for the publick Emolument and Advantage of all true Christians and moral Men throughout the whole World. THE CRUELTIES OF THE Spaniards Committed in AMERICA. America was discovered and found out Ann. Dom. 1492, and the Year insuing inhabited by the Spaniards , and afterward a multitude of them travelled thither from Spain for the space of Nine and Forty Years. Their first attempt was on the Spanish Island, which indeed is a most fertile soil, and at present in great reputation for its Spaciousness and Length, containing in Circumference Six Hundred Miles: Nay it is on all sides surrounded with an almost innumerable number of Islands, which we found so well peopled with Natives and Forreigners, that there is scarce any Region in the Universe fortified with so many Inhabitants: But the main Land or Continent, distant from this Island Two Hundred and Fifty Miles and upwards, extends it self above Ten Thousand Miles in Length near the sea-shore, which Lands are some of them already discoverd, and more may be found out in process of time: And such a multitude of People inhabits these Countries, that it seems as if the Omnipotent God has Assembled and Convocated the major part of Mankind in this part of the World. Now this infinite multitude of Men are by the Creation of God innocently simple, altogether void of and averse to all manner of Craft, Subtlety and Malice, and most Obedient and Loyal Subjects to their Native Sovereigns; and behave themselves very patiently, sumissively and quietly towards the Spaniards , to whom they are subservient and subject; so that finally they live without the least thirst after revenge, laying aside all litigiousness, Commotion and hatred. This is a most tender and effeminate people, and so imbecile and unequal-balanced temper, that they are altogether incapable of hard labour, and in few years, by one Distemper or other soon expire, so that the very issue of Lords and Princes, who among us live with great affluence, and fard deliciously, are not more effminate and tender than the Children of their Husbandmen or Labourers: This Nation is very Necessitous and Indigent, Masters of very slender Possessions, and consequently, neither Haughty, nor Ambitious. They are parsimonious in their Diet, as the Holy Fathers were in their frugal life in the Desert, known by the name of Eremites . They go naked, having no other Covering but what conceals their Pudends from publick sight. An hairy Plad, or loose Coat, about an Ell, or a coarse woven Cloth at most Two Ells long serves them for the warmest Winter Garment. They lye on a coarse Rug or Matt, and those that have the most plentiful Estate or Fortunes, the better sort, use Net-work, knotted at the four corners in lieu of Beds, which the Inhabitants of the Island of Hispaniola , in their own proper Idiom, term Hammacks . The Men are pregnant and docible. The natives tractable, and capable of Morality or Goodness, very apt to receive the instilld principles of Catholick Religion; nor are they averse to Civility and good Manners, being not so much discomposd by variety of Obstructions, as the rest of Mankind; insomuch, that having suckt in (if I may so express my self) the the very first Rudiments of the Christian Faith, they are so transported with Zeal and Furvor in the exercise of Ecclesiastical Sacraments, and Divine Service, that the very Religiosos themselves, stand in need of the greatest and most signal patience to undergo such extream Transports. And to conclude, I my self have heard the Spaniards themselves (who dare not assume the Confidence to deny the good Nature praedominant in them) declare, that there was nothing wanting in them for the acquisition of Eternal Beatitude, but the sole Knowledge and Understanding of the Deity. The Spaniards first assaulted the innocent Sheep, so qualified by theAlmighty, as is prementiond, like most cruel Tygers, Wolves and Lions hunger-starvd, studying nothing, for the space of Forty Years, after their first landing, but the Massacre of these Wretches, whom they have so inhumanely and barbarously butcherd and harassd with several kinds of Torments, never before known, or heard (of which you shall have some account in the following Discourse) that of Three Millions of Persons, which lived in Hispaniola itself, there is at present but the inconsiderable remnant of scarce Three Hundred. Nay the Isle of Cuba , which extends as far, as Valledolid in Spain is distant from Rome , lies now uncultivated, like a Desert, and intombd in its own Ruins. You may also find the Isles of St. John , and Jamaica , both large and fruitful places, unpeopled and desolate. The Lucayan Islands on the North Side, adjacent to Hispaniola and Cuba , which are Sixty in number, or thereabout, together with with those, vulgarly known by the name of the Gigantic Isles, and others, the most infertile whereof, exceeds the Royal Garden of Sevil in fruitfulness, a most Healthful and pleasant Climat, is now laid waste and uninhabited; and whereas, when the Spaniards first arrivd here, about Five Hundred Thousand Men dwelt in it, they are now cut off, some by slaughter, and others ravished away by Force and Violence, to work in the Mines of Hispanioloa, which was destitute of Native Inhabitants: For a certain Vessel, sailing to this Isle, to the end, that the Harvest being over (some good Christian, moved with Piety and Pity, undertook this dangerous Voyage, to convert Souls to Christianity) the remaining gleanings might be gathered up, there were only found Eleven Persons, which I saw with my own Eyes. There are other Islands Thirty in number, and upward bordering u pon the Isle of St. John , totally unpeopled; all which are above Two Thousand miles in Lenght, and yet remain without Inhabitants, Native, or People. As to the firm land, we are certainly satisfied, and assurd, that the Spaniards by their barbarous and execrable Actions have absolutely depopulated Ten Kingdoms, of greater extent than all Spain , together with the Kingdoms of Arragon and Portugal , that is to say, above One Thousand Miles, which now lye wast and desolate, and are absolutely ruined, when as formerly no other Country whatsoever was more populous. Nay we dare boldly affirm, that during the Forty Years space, wherein they exercised their sanguinary and detestable Tyranny in these Regions, above Twelve Millions (computing Men, Women, and Children) have undeservedly perished; nor do I conceive that I should deviate from the Truth by saying that above Fifty Millions in all paid their last Debt to Nature. Those that arrivd at these Islands from the remotest parts of Spain , and who pride themselves in the Name of Christians, steerd Two courses principally, in order to the Extirpation, and Exterminating of this People from the face of the Earth. The first whereof was raising an unjust, sanguinolent, cruel War. The other, by putting them to death, who hitherto, thirsted after their Liberty, or designd (which the most Potent, Strenuous and Magnanimous Spirits intended) to recover their pristin Freedom, and shake off the Shackles of so injurious a Captivity: For they being taken off in War, none but Women and Children were permitted to enjoy the benefit of that Country-Air, in whom they did in succeeding times lay such a heavy Yoak, that the very Brutes were more happy than they: To which Two Species of Tyranny as subalternate things to the Genus, the other innumerable Courses they took to extirpate and make this a desolate People, may be reduced and referrd. Now the ultimate end and scope that incited the Spaniards to endeavor the Extirptaion and Desolation of this People, was Gold only; that thereby growing opulent in a short time, they might arrive at once atsuch Degrees and Dignities, as were no wayes consistent with their Persons. Finally, in one word, their Ambition and Avarice, than which the heart of Man never entertained greater, and the vast Wealth of those Regions; the Humility and Patience of the Inhabitants (which made their approach to these Lands more facil and easie) did much promote the business: Whom they so despicably contemned, that they treated them (I speak of things which I was an Eye Witness of, without the least fallacy) not as Beasts, which I cordially wished they would, but as the most abject dung and filth of the Earth; and so sollicitous they were of their Life and Soul, that the above-mentioned number of People died without understanding the true Faith or Sacraments. And this also is as really true as the praecendent Narration (which the very Tyrants and cruel Murderers cannot deny without the stigma of a lye) that the Spaniards never received any injury from the Indians , but that they rather reverenced them as Persons descended from Heaven, until that they were compelled to take up A rms, provoked thereunto by repeated Injuries, violent Torments, and injust Butcheries. - Of the Island HISPANIOLA. In this Isle, which, as we have said, the Spaniards first attempted, the bloody slaughter and destruction of Men first began: for they violently forced away Women and Children to make them Slaves, and ill-treated them, consuming and wasting their Food, which they had purchased with great sweat, toil, and yet remained dissatisfied too, which every one according to his strength and ability, and that was very inconsiderable (for they provided no other Food than what was absolutely necessary to support Nature without superfluity, freely bestowd on them, and one individual Spaniard consumed more Victuals in one day, than would serve to maintain Three Families a Month, every one consisting of Ten Persons. Now being oppressed by such evil usage, and afflicted with such greate Torments and violent Entertainment they began to understand that such Men as those had not their Mission from Heaven; and therefore some of them conceald their Provisions and others to their Wives and Children in lurking holes, but some, to avoid the obdurate and dreadful temper of such a Nation, sought their Refuge on the craggy tops of Mountains; for the Spaniards did not only entertain them with Cuffs, Blows, and wicked Cudgelling, but laid violent hands also on the Governours of Cities; and this arrivd at length to that height of Temerity and Impudence, that a certain Captain was so audacious as abuse the Consort of the most puissant King of the whole Isle. From which time they began to consider by what wayes and means they might expel the Spaniards out of their Countrey, and immediately took up Arms. But, good God, what Arms, do you imagin? Namely such, both Offensive and Defensive, as resemble Reeds wherewith Boys sport with one another, more than Manly Arms and Weapons. Which the Spaniards no sooner perceived, but they, mounted on generous Steeds, well weapond with Lances and Swords, begin to exercise their bloody Butcheries and Strategems, and overrunning their Cities and Towns, spard no Age, or Sex, nay not so much as Women with Child, but ripping up their Bellies, tore them alive in pieces. They laid Wagers among themselves, who should with a Sword at one blow cut, or divide a Man in two; or which of them should decollate or behead a Man, with the greatest dexterity; nay farther, which should sheath his Sword in the Bowels of a Man with the quickest dispatch and expedition. They snatcht young Babes from the Mothers Breasts, and then dasht out the brains of those innocents against the Rocks; others they cast into Rivers scoffing and jeering them, and calld upon their Bodies when falling with derision, the true testimony of their Cruelty, to come to them, and inhumanely exposing others to their Merciless Swords, together with the Mothers that gave them Life. They erected certain Gibbets, large, but low made, so that their feet almost reacht the ground, every one of which was so orderd as to bear Thirteen Persons in Honour and Reverence (as they said blasphemously) of our Redeemer and his Twelve Apostles, under which they made a Fire to burn them to Ashes whilst hanging on them: But those they intended to preserve alive, they dismissd, their Hands half cut, and still hanging by the Skin, to carry their Letters missive to those that fly from us and ly sculking on the Mountains, as an exprobation of their flight. The Lords and Persons of Noble Extract were usually exposd to this kind of Death; they orderd Gridirons to be placed and supported with wooden Forks, and putting a small Fire under them, these miserable Wretches by degrees and with loud Shreiks and exquisite Torments, at last Expird. I once saw Four or Five of their most Powerful Lords laid on these Gridirons, and thereon roasted, and not far off, Two or Three more over-spread with the same Commodity, Mans Flesh; but the shrill Clamours which were heard there being offensive to the Captain, by hindring his Repose, he commanded them to be strangled with a Halter. The Executioner (whose Name and Parents at Sevil are not unknown to me) prohibited the doing of it; but stopt Gags into their Mouths to prevent the hearing of the noise (he himself making the Fire) till that they dyed, when they had been roasted as long as he thought convenient. I was an Eye-Witness of these and and innumerable Number of other Cruelties: And because all Men, who could lay hold of the opportunity, sought out lurking holes in the Mountains, to avoid as dangerous Rocks so Brutish and Barbarous a People, Strangers to all Goodness, and the Extirpaters and Adversaries of Men, they bred up such fierce hunting Dogs as would devour an Indian like a Hog, at first sight in less than a moment: Now such kind of Slaughters and Cruelties as these were committed by the Curs, and if at any time it hapned, (which was rarely) that the Indians irritated upon a just account destroyd or took away the Life of any Spaniard, they promulgated and proclaimd this Law among them, that One Hundred Indians should dye for every individual Spaniard that should be slain. Of the Kingdoms contained in Hispaniola. This Isle of Hispaniola was made up of Six of their greatest Kingdoms, and as many most Puissant Kings, to whose Empire almost all the other Lords, whose Number was i nfinite, did pay their Allegiance. One of these Kingdoms was called Magua, signifying a Campaign or open Country; which is very observable, if any place in the Universe deserves taking notice of, and memorable for the pleasantness of its Situation; for it is extended from South to North Eighty Miles, in breadth Five, Eight, and in some parts Ten Miles in length; and is on all sides inclosed with the highest Mountains; above Thirty Thousand Rivers, and Rivulets water her Coasts, Twelve of which prodigious Number do not yield in all in magnitude to those famous Rivers, the Eber, Duer, and Guadalquivir; and all those Rivers which have their Source or Spring from the Mountains lying Westerly, the number whereof is Twenty Thousand) are very rich in Mines of Gold; on which Mountain lies the Province of rich Mines, whence the exquisite Gold of Twenty Four Caracts weight, takes denomination. The King and Lord of this Kingdom was named Guarionex, who governed within the Compass of his Dominions so many Vassals and Potent Lords, that every one of them was able to bring into the Field Sixteen Thousand Soldiers for the service of Guarionex their Supream Lord and Soverain, when summoned thereunto. Some of which I was acquainted with. This was a most Obedient Prince, endued with great Courage and Morality, naturally of a Pacifick Temper, and most devoted to the service of the Castilian Kings. This King commanded and ordered his Subjects, that every one of those Lords under his Jurisdiction, should present him with a Bell full of Gold; but in succeeding times, being unable to perform it, they were commanded to cut it in two, and fill one part therewith, for the Inhabitants of this Isle were altogether inexperienced, and unskillful in Mine-works, and the digging Gold out of them. This Caiu proferred his Service to the King of Castile, on this Condition, that he would take care, that those Lands should be cultivated and manurd, wherein, during the reign of Isabella, Queen of Castile, the Spaniards first set footing and fixed their Residence, extending in length evento Santo Domingo, the space of Fifty Miles. For he declard (nor wasit a Fallacie, but an absolute Truth,) that his Subjects understood not the practical use of digging in Golden Mines. To which promises he had readily and voluntarily condescended, to my own certain knowledge, and so by this means, the King would have received the Annual Revenue of Three Millions of Spanish Crowns, and upward, there being at that very time in that Island Fifty Cities more ample and spacious than Sevil it self in Spain . Golden Rice EssayGreat and Injurious was the blindness of those praesided over the Indians ; as to the Conversion and Salvation of this People: for they denyed in Effect what they in their flourishing Discourse pretended to, and declard with their Tongue what they contradicted in their Heart; for it came to this pass, that the Indians should be commanded on the penalty of a bloody War, Death, and perpetual Bondage, to embrace the Christian Faith, and submit to the Obedience of the Spanish King; as if the Son of God, who suffered Death for the Redemption of all Mankind, had enacted a Law, when he pronounced these words, Go and teach all Nations that Infidels, living peaceably and quietly in their Hereditary Native Country, should be imposd upon pain of Confiscation of all their Chattels, Lands, Liberty, Wives, Children, and Death itself, without any precedent instruction to Confess and Acknowledge the true God, and subject themselves to a King, whom they never saw, or heard mentiond before; and whose Messengers behavd themselves toward them with such Inhumanity and Cruelty as they had done hitherto. Which is certainly a most foppish and absurd way of Proceeding, and merits nothing but Scandal, Derision, nay Hell itself. Now suppose this Notorious and Profligate Governour had bin impowerd to see the Execution of these Edicts performd, for of themselves they were repugnant both to Law and Equity; yet he commanded (or they who were to see the Execution thereof, did it of their own Heads without Authority) that when they phansied or proposed to themselves any place, that was well stord with Gold, to rob and feloniously steal it away from the Indians living in their Cities and Houses, without the least suspicion of any ill Act. These wicked Spaniards , like Theives came to any place by stealth, half a Mile off of any City, Town or Village, and there in the Night published and proclaimd the Edict among themselves after this manner: You Cacics and Indians of this Continent, the Inhabitants of such a Place, which they named; We declare or be it known to you all, that there is but one God, one hope, and one King of Castile , who is Lord of these Countries; appear forth without delay, and take the oath of All egiance to the Spanish King, as his Vassals. So about the Fourth Watch of the Night, or Three in the Morning these poor Innocents overwhelmd with heavy Sleep, ran violently on that place they named, set Fire to their Hovels, which were all thatcht, and so, without Notice, burnt Men, Women and Children; killd whom they pleasd upon the Spot; but those they preservd as Captives, were compelld throughTorments to confess where they had hid the Gold, when they found little or none at their Houses; but they who livd being first stigmatized, were made Slaves; yet after the Fire was extinguisht, they came hastily in quest of the Gold. Thus did this Wicked Man, devoted to all the Infernal Furies, behave himself with the Assistance of Profligate Christians, whom he had lifted in his Service from the 14th to the 21. or 22. Year, together with his Domestick Servants and Followers, from whom he received as many Portions, besides what he had from his Slaves in Gold, Pearls, and Jewels, as the Chief Governor would have taken, and all hat were constituted to execute any kind of Kingly Office followed in the same Footsteps; every one sending as many of his Servants as he could spare, to share in the spoil. Nay he that came hither as Biship first of all did the same also, And at the vory time (as I conjecture) the Spaniards did depraedate or rob this Kingdom of above Ten Hundred Thousand Crowns of Gold: Yet all these their Thefts and Felonies, we scarce find upon Record that Three Hundred Thousand Castilian Crowns ever came into the Spanish Kings Coffers; yet there were above Eight Hundred Thousand Men slain: The other Tyrants who governed this Kingdom afterward to the Three and Thirtieth year, deprivd all of them of Life that remaind among the Inhabitants. Among all those flagitious Acts committed by this Governour while he ruld this Kindom, or by his Consent and Permission this must by no means be omitted: A certain Casic , bestowing on him a Gift, voluntarily, or (which is more probably) induced thereunto by Fear, about the weight of Nine Thousand Crowns, but the Spaniards not satisfied with so fast a Sum of Money, sieze him, fix him to a Pole; extended his Feet, which being movd near the Fire, they demanded a larger Sum; the Casic overcome with Torments, sending home, procurd Three Thousand more to be brought and presented to them: But the Spaniards , adding new Torments to new Rage and Fury, when they found he would confer no more upon them, which was because he could not, or otherwize because he would not, they exposd him for so long to that Torture, till by degrees of heat the Marrow gusht out of the Soles of his Feet, and so he dyed; Thus they often murderd the Lords and Nobles which such Torments to Extort the Gold from them. One time it hapned that a Century or Party of One Hundred Spaniards making Excursions, came to a Mountain, where many People shunning so horrid and pernicious an Enemy conceald themselves, who immediately rushing on them, putting all to the Sword they could meet with, and then securd Seventy or Eighty Married Women as well as Virgins Captives; but a great Number of Indians with a fervent desire of recovering their Wives and Daughters appeard in Arms against the Spaniards , and when they drew near the Enemy, they unwilling to lose the Prey, run the Wives and Maidens through with their Swords. The Indians through Grief and Trouble, smiting their Breasts, brake out into these Exclamations. O perverse Generation of Men! O Cruel Spaniards ! What do you Murder las Iras ? (In their Language they call Women by the Name of las Iras as if they had said: To slay Women is an Act of bloody minded Men, worse than Brutes and Wild Beasts. There was the House of a Puissant Potentate scituated about Ten or Fifteen Miles from Panama , whose name was Paris , very Rich in Gold; and the Spaniards gave him a visit, who were entertained with Fraternal Kindness, and Courteously received, and of his own accord, presented the Captain with a Gift of Fifteen Thousand Crowns; who was of opinion, as well as the rest of the Spaniards , that he who bestowd such a quantity of Money gratis , was the Master of vast Treasure; whereupon they counterfeit a pretended Departure, but returning about the Fourth Night-Watch, and entring the City privily upon a surprize, which they thought was sufficiently securd, consecrated it with many Citizens to the Flames, and robbd them of Fifty or Sixty Thousand Crowns. The Dynast or Prince escaped with his Life, and gathering together as great a Number of Men as he could possibly at that instant of time, and Three or Four Days being elapsed, pursued the Spaniards , who had deprivd him also by Violence and Rapine of a Hundred and Thirty or Forty Thousand Crowns, and pouring in upon them, recoverd all his Gold with the destruction of Fifty Spaniards , but the remainder of them having receivd many Wounds in that Rencounter betook them to their Heels and savd themselves by flight: but in few days after the Spaniards return, and fall upon the said Casic well-armd and overthrow him and all his Forces, and they who out-livd the Combat, to their great Misfortune, were exposd to the usual and frequently mentiond Bondage. Of the Province of NICARAQUA. The said Tyrant An. Dom. 1522. proceeded farther very unfortunately to the Subjugation of Conquest of this Province. In truth no Person can satisfactorily or sufficiently express the Fertility, Temperateness of the Climate, or the Multitude of the Inhabitants of Nicaraqua , which was almost infinite and admirable; for this Region containd some Cities that were Four Miles long; and the abundance of Fruits of the Earth (which was the cause of such a Concourse of People) was highly commendable. The People of this place, because the Country was Level and Plain, destitute of Mountains, so very delightful and pleasant, that they could not leave it without great grief, and much dissatisfaction, they were therefore tormented with the greaterVexations and Persecutions, and forced to bear the Spanish Tyranny and Servitude, whih as much Patience as they were Masters of: Add farther that they were peaceable and meek spirited. This Tyrant with these Complices of his Cruelty did afflict this Nation (whose advice he made use of in destroying the other Kingdoms) with such and so many great Dammages, Slaughters, Injustice, Slaver, and Barbarisme, that a Tongue, though of Iron, could not express them all fully. He sent into the Province (which is larger than the County of Ruscinia ) Fifty Horse-Men, who put all the People to the Edge of the Sword, sparing neither Age nor Sex upon the most trivial and inconsiderable occasion: As for Example, if they did not come to them with all possible speed, when called; and bring the imposed burthen of Mahid (which signifies Corn in their Dialect) or if they did not bring the Number of Indians required to his own, and the Service or rather Servitude of his Associates. And the Country being all Campaign or Level, no Person was able to withstand the Hellish Fury of their Horses. He commanded the Spaniards to make Excursions, that is, to rob other Provinces, permitting and granting these Theiving Rogues leave to take away by force as many of these peacable People as they cold, who being irond (that they might not sink under the Burthen of Sixty or Eighty Pound weight) it frequently hapned, that of Four Thousand Indians , Six only returned home, and so they dyed by the way; but if any of them chanced to faint, being tired with over-weighty Burthens, or through great Hunger and Thirst should be siezed with a Distemper; or too much Debility and Weakness, that they might not spend time in taking off their Fetters, they beheaded them, so the Head fell one way, and the Body another: The Indians when they spied the Spaniards making preparations for such Journeys, knowing very well, that few, or none returned home alive, just upon their setting out with Sighs and Tears, burst out into these or the like Expressions. Those were Journeys, which we travelled frequently in the service of Christians, and in some tract of time we returnd to our Habitations, Wives and Children: But now there being no hope of a return, we are for ever deprivd of their Sight and Conversation. It hapned also, that the same President would dissipate or disperse the Indians de novo at his own pleasure, to the end (as it was reported) he might violently force the Indians away from such as did infest or molest him; and dispose of them to others; upon which it fell out, that for the space of a Year complete, there was no sowing or planting: And when they wanted Bread, the Spaniards did by orce plunder the Indians of the whole stock of Corn that they had laid up for the support of their Families, and by these indirect Courses above Thirty Thousand perished with Hunger. Nay it fortund at one time, that a Woman opprest with insufferable Hunger, deprivd her own Son of his Life to preserve her own. In this Province also they brough t many to an untimely End, loading their Shoulders with heavy planks and pieces of Timer, which they were compelld to carry to a Haven Forty Miles distant, in order to their building of Ships; sending them likewise unto the Mountains to find out Hony and Wax, where they were devourd by Tygers; nay they loaded Women impregnated with Carriage and Burthens fit for beasts. But no greater pest was there that could unpeople this Province, than the License granted the Spaniards by this Governour, to demand Captives from the Casics and Potentates of this Region; for at the Expiration of Four or Five Months, or as often as they obtaind leave of the Governour to demand them, they deliverd them up Fifty Servants, and the Spaniards terrified them with Menaces, that if they did not obey them in answering their unreasonable Demands, they should be burnt alive, or baited to Death by Dogs. Now the Indians are but slenderly stord with Servants; for it is much if a Casic hath Three or Four in his Retinue, therefore they have recourse to the Subjects; and when they had, in the first place, seized the Orphans, they required earnestly and instantly one Son of the Parent, who had but Two, and Two of him that had but Three, and for the Lord of the place satisfied the desires of the Tyrant, not without the Effusion of Tears and Groans of the People, who (as it seems) were very careful of their Children. And this being frequently repeated in the space between the Year 1523, and 1533, the Kingdom lost all their Inhabitants, for in Six or Seven Years time there were constantly Five or Six Ships made ready to be freighted with Indians that were sold in the Regions of Panama and Perusium , where they all dyed; for it is by dayly Experience provd and known, that the Indians when Transported out of their Native Country into any other, soon dye; because they are shortned in their allowance of Food, and the Task imposd on them no ways dimished, they being only bought for Labour. And by this means, there have been taken out of this Province Five Hundred Thousand Inhabitants and upward, who before were Freemen, and made Slaves, and in the Wars made on them, and the horrid Bondage they were reducd unto Fifty or Sixty Thousand more have perished, and to this day very many still are destroyd. Now all these Slaughters have been committed within the space of Fourteen years inclusively, possibly in this Province of Nicaraqua there remains Four or Five Thousand Men who are put to Death by ordinary and personal Opressions, whereas (according to what is said already) it did exceed other Countries of the World in multitude of People. Of new SPAIN. New Spain was discovered Anno Dom. 1517. and in the detection there was no first or second Attempt, but all were exposed to slaughter. The year ensuing those Spaniards (who style themselves Christians) came thither to rob, kill and slay, though they pretend they undertook this Voyage to people the Countrey. From this year to the present, viz. 1542. he Injustice, Violence and Tyranny of the Spaniards came to the highest degree of extremety: for they had shook hands with and bid adieu to all fear of God and the King, unmindful of themselves in this sad and deplorable condition, for the Destructions, Cruelties, Butcheries, Devastations, t he Domolishing of Cities, Depradations, . which they perpetrated in so many and such ample Kingdoms, are such and so great, and strike the minds of Men with so great horror, that all we have related before are inconsiderable comparatively to those which have been acted from the year 1518 to 1542, and to this very month of September that we now live to see the most heavy, grievous and detestable things are committed, that the Rule we laid down before as a Maxim might be induputably verified, to wit, that from the beginning they ran headlong from bad to worse, and were overcome in their Diabolical acts and wickedness only by themselves. Thus from the first entrance of the Spaniards into New Spain , which hapned on the 18th day of April in the said month of the year 1518, to 1530, the space of ten whole years, there was no end or period put to the Destruction and Slaughters committed by the merciless hands of the Sanguinary and Blood-thirsty Spaniard in the Continent, or space of 450 Miles round about Mexico , and the adjacent or neighboring parts, which might contain four or five spatious Kingdoms, that neither for magnitude or fertility would give Spain her self the pre-eminance. This intire Region was more populous then Toledo, Sevil, Valedolid, Saragoza, and Faventia ; and there is not at this day in all of them so many people, nor when they flourisht in their greatest height and splendor was there such a number, as inhabited that Region, which embraceth in its Circumference, four hundred and eighty Miles. Within these twelve years the Spaniards have destroyed in the Said Countinent, by Spears, Fire and Sword, computing Men, Women, Youth, and Children above Four Millions of people in these their Acquests or Conquests (for under that word they mask their Cruel Actions) or rather those of the Turk himself, which are reported of them, tending to the ruin of the Catholick Cause, together with their Invasions and Unjust Wars, contrarty to and condemned by Divine as well as Human Laws; nor are they reckoned in this number who perished by their more then Egyptian Bondage and usual Oppressions. There is no Tongue, Art, or Human knowledge can recite the horrid Impieties, which these Capital Enemies to Government and all Mankind have been guilty of at several times and in several Nations; nor can the circumstantial Aggravations of some of their wicked Acts be unfolded or displayd by any manner of Industry, time or writing, but yet I will say somewhat of every individual particular thing, which t his protestation and Oath, that I conceive I am not able to comprehend one of a Thousand. Of New Spain in Particular . Among other Slaughters this also they perpetrated in the most spacious City of Cholula , which consisted of Thirty Thousand Families; all the Chief Rulers of that Region and Neighboring places, but first the Priests with their High Priest going to meet the Spaniards in Pomp and State, and to the end they might give them a more reverential and honourable reception appointed them to be in the middle of the Solemnity, that so being entertained in the Appartments of the most powerful and principal Noblemen, they might be lodged in the City. The Spaniards presently consult about their slaughter or castigation (as they term it) that they might fill every corner of this Region by their Cruelties and wicked Deeds with terror and consternation; for in all the Countries that they came they took this course, that immediately at their first arrival they committed some notorious butcheries, which made those Innocent Sheep tremble for fear. To his purpose therefore they sent to the Governours and Nobles of the Cities, and all Places subject unto them, together with their supream Lord, that they should appear before them, and no soner did they attend in expectation of some Capitulation or discourse with the Spanish Commander, but they were presently seized upon and detained prisoners before any one could advertise or give them notice of their Captivity. They demanded of them six thousand Indians to drudge for them in the carriage of their bag and baggage; and as soon as they came the Spaniards clapt them into the Yards belonging to their Houses and there inclosed them all. It was a thing worthy of pity and compassion to behold this wretches people in what a condition they were when they prepared themselves to receive the burthens laid on them by the Spaniards. They came to them naked, their Privities only vaild, their Shoulders loaden with food; only covered with a Net, they laid themselves quietly on the ground, and shrinking in their Bodies like poor Wretches, exposed themselves to their Swords: Thus being all gathered together in ther Yards, some of the Spaniards Armed held the doors to drive them away if attempting to approach, and others with Lances and Swords Butcher these Innocents so that not one of them escaped, but two or three days after some of them, who hid themselves among the dead bodies, being all over besprinkled with blood and gore, presented themselves to the Spaniards, imporing their mercy and the prolongation of their Lives with tears in their Eyes and all imaginable submission, yet they, not in the least moved with pity or compassion, tore them in pieces: but all the Chief Governours who were above one hundred in number, were kept bound, whom the Captain commanded to be affixed to posts and burnt; yet the King of the whole Countrey escaped, and betook himself with a Train of thirty or forty Gentlemen, to a Temple (called in their Tongue Quu ) which he made use of as a Castle or Place of Defence, and there defended himself a great part of the day, but the Spaniards who suffer none to escape out of their clutches, especially Souldiers, setting fire to the Temple, burnt all those that were there inclosed, who brake out into these dying words and exclamations. O profligate Men, what injury have we done you to occasion our death! Go, go to Mexico , where our supream Lord Montencuma will revenge our cause upon your persons. And tis reported, while the Spaniards were engated in this Tragedy destroying six or seven thousand Men, that their Commander with great rejoycing sang this following Ay

A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay Example

A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay Example A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay A Biography Of Sir James Chadwick Sciences Essay James Chadwick had many accomplishments Nobel Prize, wartime knighthood, Master of Gonville and Caius, Companion of Honor but was a troubled, hyper-tense human being, capable of love and choler every bit good as restraint. Chadwick was born in Bollington, non far from Manchester, England, on October 20, 1891, to John Joseph Chadwick and Ann Mary Knowles. Chadwick senior owned a wash concern in Manchester. At the age of 16, Chadwick won a scholarship to the University of Manchester, where he had intended to analyze mathematics. However, because he was erroneously interviewed for entree to the natural philosophies plan and was excessively diffident to explicate the mistake, he decided to remain in natural philosophies. Initially Chadwick was disappointed in the natural philosophy categories, happening them excessively big and noisy. But in his 2nd twelvemonth, he heard a talk by experimental physicist Ernest Rutherford about his early New Zealand experiments. Chadwick established a close working relationship with Rutherford and graduated in 1911 with first awards. Chadwick stayed at Manchester to work on his maestro s grade. During this clip he made the familiarity of others in the natural philosophies section, including Hans Geiger and Niels Bohr. Chadwick completed his M.S. in 1913 and won a scholarship that required him to make his research off from the establishment that granted his grade. At this clip Geiger returned to Germany, and Chadwick decided to follow him. Chadwick had non been in Germany long when World War I broke out. Soon he was arrested and sat in a Berlin gaol for 10 yearss until Geiger s research lab interceded for his release. Finally Chadwick was interned for the continuance of the war, as were all other Englishmen in Germany. Chadwick spent the war old ages confined at a race path, where he shared with five other work forces a stable intended for two Equus caballuss. His four old ages at that place were quiet, cold, and hungry. He managed to keep correspondence with Geiger. Although the work he did under such rough conditions was non really fruitful, Chadwickfelt that the experience of internment contributed to his adulthood. Furthermore, when Chadwickreturned to England, he found that no 1 else had made much advancement in atomic natural philosophies during his clip off. His careful self-humbleness, though, kept him from the spotlight, and his primary function over the following 20 old ages was as Rutherford s helper. They had a complex relationship where Chadwick was confidant, critic and counsellor every bit good as general factotum ( labourer ) for the great adult male, peculiarly during their long association at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. One of Chadwick s first undertakings was to assist Rutherford set up a unit of measuring for radiation, to help in experiments with the radiation of atomic karyon. Chadwick so developed a method to mensurate radiation that required the observation of flashes, called scintillations, in Zn sulphide crystals under a microscope and in complete darkness. Chadwickand Rutherford spent much clip experimenting with the transubstantiation of elements, trying to interrupt up the karyon of one component so that different elements would be formed. This work finally led to other experiments to estimate the size and map the construction of the atomic karyon. Throughout the old ages of work on the transubstantiation of elements, Chadwick and Rutherford struggled with an incompatibility. They saw that about every component had an atomic figure that was less than its atomic mass. In other words, an atom of any given component seemed to hold more mass than could be accounted for by the figure of protons in its karyon. Rutherford so suggested the possibility of a atom with the mass of a proton and a impersonal charge, but for a long clip his and Chadwick s efforts to happen such a atom were in vain. For twelve old ages, Chadwick looked intermittently and unsuccessfully for the neutrally-charged atom that Rutherford proposed. In 1930 two German physicists, Walther Bothe and Hans Becker, found an unexpectedly penetrating radiation, thought to be gamma beams, when some elements were bombarded with alpha-particles. However, the component Be showed an emanation form that the gamma-ray hypothesis could non account for. Chadwick suspected that impersonal atoms were responsible for the emanations. Work done in France in 1922 by physicists Frederic Joliot-Curie and Irene Joliot-Curie supplied the reply. Analyzing the conjectural gamma-ray emanations from Be, they found that radiation increased when the emanations passed through the absorbing stuff paraffin. Although the Joliot-Curie squad concluded that gamma beams emitted by Be knocked H protons out of the paraffin, Chadwickimmediately saw that their experiments would corroborate the presence of the neutron, since it would take a impers onal atom of such mass to travel a proton. He foremost set to work showing that the gamma-ray hypothesis could non account for the ascertained phenomena, because gamma beams would non hold plenty energy to chuck out protons so quickly. Then he showed that the Be karyon, when combined with an alpha-particle, could be transmuted to a C karyon, let go ofing a atom with a mass comparable to that of a proton but with a impersonal charge. The neutron had eventually been tracked down. Other experiments showed that a B karyon plus an alpha-particle consequences in a N nucleus plus a neutron. Chadwick s first public proclamation of the find was in an article in the diaryNaturewith a title feature of his retiring personality, Possible Being of a Neutron. It was his find of the neutron, in an experiment of demilitarizing simpleness in 1932, which pulled him from Rutherford s shadow and won him, with unusual promptitude, the Nobel Prize for natural philosophies in 1935. He was now a giant in his field, and all his studious attempts to give recognition to others could non hide it. That same twelvemonth, Chadwicktook a place at the University of Liverpool to set up a new research centre in atomic natural philosophies and to construct a atom gas pedal. Chadwick s repute manifested his engagement with the atomic bomb and the single-mindedness he brought to the early thought and feasibleness work in Britain, and to the subsequent development of the arm in the US. Chadwick, among the first to see the potency for a arm and to recognize that Nazi Germany might be doing it, threw himself into the undertaking and ended up in consequence in charge on the British side. Chadwick s find of the neutron made possible more precise scrutinies of the karyon. It besides led to guesss about uranium fission. Physicists found that pelting uranium karyon with neutrons caused the karyon to divide into two about equal pieces and to let go of energy in the really big sums predicted by Einstein s expression E=mc2. This phenomenon, known as atomic fission, was discovered and publicized on the Eve of World War II, and many scientists instantly began to theorize about its application to warfare. Britain rapidly assembled a group of scientists under the Ministry of Aircraft Production, called the Maud Committee, to prosecute the practicality of an atomic bomb. Chadwick was put in charge of organizing all the experimental attempts of the universities of Birmingham, Cambridge, Liverpool, London, and Oxford. Initially Chadwick s duties were limited to the really hard and purely experimental facets of the research undertaking. Gradually, he became more involved with other responsibilities in the organisation, peculiarly as interpreter. Chadwick s work in measuring and showing grounds convinced British authorities and military leaders to travel in front with the undertaking. Chadwick s engagement was wide and deep, coercing him to cover with scientific inside informations of uranium supplies and radiation effects every bit good as broader issues of scientific organisation and policy. His correspondence during this clip referred to issues runing from Britain s relationship with the United States to the effects of Co on the wellness of sheep. As the force per unit areas of war became greater, the British realized that even with their theoretical progresss, they did non hold the practical resources to develop a on the job atomic bomb. In 1943 Britain and the United States signed the Quebec Agreement, which created a partnership between the two states for the development of an atomic bomb. Chadwick became the leader of the British contingent involved in the Manhattan Project in the United States. Although he was diffident and used to the isolation of the research lab, Chadwick became known for his tireless attempts at coaction and his acute sense of diplomatic negotiations. He maintained friendly Anglo-American dealingss despite a great assortment of scientific challenges, political battles, and conflicting personalities. On July 16, 1945, he witnessed the first atomic trial in the New Mexico desert. After the war, Chadwick s work continued to concentrate on atomic arms. He was an adviser for the British representatives to the United Nations sing the control of atomic energy around the universe. Although he pushed for atomic policy issues every bit much as he pushed for scientific solutions, Chadwick finally saw the inutility of the atomic bomb. Margaret Gowing, in her article, James Chadwick and the Atomic Bomb, wrote that Chadwick made a comment about the bomb saying Its consequence in doing agony is out of all proportion to its military consequence. Chadwick s postwar engagement with atomic energy was non limited to arms. He besides was interested in medical applications of radioactive stuffs, and he worked to develop ways of modulating radioactive substances. Chadwick was a dedicated and indefatigable scientist who balanced his committednesss to science with a committedness to his household. He and his married woman, Aileen Stewart-Brown, whom he married in 1925, had twin girls. Chadwick was diffident and serious and had an demanding sense of subject and a indefatigable attending to item. When he was at the Cavendish research lab, all documents that went out for publication passed under his critical regard. Here is a adult male known as psychologically delicate so weak at times that he would plead unwellness to avoid an unwelcome confrontation with a mere undergraduate who for five old ages drives meetings, knocks scientific caputs together, toughs ministries and conducts the most delicate diplomatic negotiations with the Americans. He went on to fall in the great and good in postwar Britain and was honored for his work, but what he had done in the war, invariably fighting against his ain nature and inherent aptitudes, left him weakened and at times about defeated by life. Although his ability to work out jobs and form people neer left him, he seems progressively to hold used unwellness ( which mystified his physicians ) to screen himself against troubles. In 1950 he was proposed as vice-chancellor of Cambridge University, but turned it down on wellness evidences. He was knighted in 1945 and in 1948 was elected maestro of Gonville and Caius College, a station from which he retired in 1959. Three old ages subsequently he retired besides from the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, on which he had served as parttime member from 1957. Sir James Chadwick died in Cambridge, England, on July 24, 1974. Mentions 1. Brown, Andrew ( July 31, 1997 ) The Neutron and the Bomb: A Biography of Sir James Chadwick. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. 2. James Chadwick ( 27 Feb. 1932 ) Letterss to the editor: Possible being of a neutron, Nature, vol. 129, page 312. 3. Chadwick, J. ( 1932 ) The being of a neutron, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A, vol. 136, pages 692-708 4. Gowing, Margaret ( January, 1993 ) Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. JamesChadwick and the Atomic Bomb, pp. 79-92. 5. Oliphant, Mark ( December, 1982 ) The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. The Beginning: Chadwick and the Neutron, pp. 14-18. 6. Pollard, Ernest ( October, 1991 ) Physics World. Neutron Pioneer, pp. 31-33. 7. Ioan, James ( 2004 ) Remarkable Physicists From Galileo to Yukawa. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Madison Ellenburg Physical Science

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Critique of Philadelphia (the movie) essays They are your friends, your sibling, your guardian and your significant other. They are your minister, your teacher, your bank-teller, your doctor, your mail-carrier, your roommate and your congressional representative (Mohr 1). They are everywhere, even in your workplace. Mohr, the author of A More Perfect Union, was referring to homosexuals. Gays and lesbians have become a contemporary social issue. For six years now, the homosexual issue has been dramatized in the media. The issue quickly carried over into the workplace. Although the workplace is becoming the new frontier in the battle for gay rights and equality (Winfeld 39), gays are subject to widespread discrimination in employment. In one such case, a man like Andrew Beckett was fired from a prestigious law firm because he was gay and had AIDS. Imagine, if you can, working for a law firm and just being promoted. You are a qualified, experienced, efficient worker. But, you are also gay and have AIDS. Since you are being plagued by legions, and no makeup can conceal your illness, you have no choice but to work at home or late-night at the office. Someone unknown to you discovers your illness and sexual orientation and decides to sabotage you. You have recently been working on the firms most important case. You leave a copy of the case on a disk on your desk. The following day, it is nowhere to be found. A day later, the disk is found and you are fired. You feel you were set to appear irresponsible and incompetent, but you were really fired because you have AIDS and are gay. This scenario is taken from the box-office hit Philadelphia. This 1993 drama became the first movie to openly discuss AIDS, thus...

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